Хазарейцы

[asan-kaygy]

Они потомки населения восточной части улуса Джучи 13 века.

часть из них были монгольского происхождения часть местные, чито хорошо видно по гаплогруппам.

[АксКерБорж]

Они потомки населения восточной части улуса Джучи 13 века.

часть из них были монгольского происхождения часть местные, чито хорошо видно по гаплогруппам.

Но это не дает ответа на насущные вопросы по теме: Кто их предки - тюрки или монголы? И когда эти предки хазарейцев обосновались на территории Афганистана?

Понятие "Восточная часть улуса Джучи 13 века, часть из которых была монгольского происхождения, а часть местная (надо полагать имелись в виду тюрки)" слишком широкое и размывчатое для истории как науки, я так думаю по крайней мере.

[asan-kaygy]

Но это не дает ответа на насущные вопросы по теме: Кто их предки - тюрки или монголы? И когда эти предки хазарейцев обосновались на территории Афганистана?

Понятие "Восточная часть улуса Джучи 13 века, часть из которых была монгольского происхождения, а часть местная (надо полагать имелись в виду тюрки)" слишком широкое и размывчатое для истории как науки, я так думаю по крайней мере.

Какая есть картина такая и есть, придумывать им что-то левое нельзя так как это не научно. Пока такие результаты, будет большая базха данных сможем сказать подробнее.

[Aza]

"Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Moghul (TNNHM)" means 'Organization of Hazara Mughul's New Generation'. Its based in Quetta where thousands of Hazaras live.

"Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Mughal was founded with this vision that all human beings are equal and equality comes through the national entity which takes its roots through process of history with in the orbit of cultural identity. If we conceive it through epistemology, diversified civil society is the outcome of cultural identity that safeguard and protect the fate and future of a people. We have to focus our vision to the challenges facing our people’s identical issue over the years. Efforts should be made through collective means to put an end to ethnic and religious conflicts and confrontation that broke out under the framework of confronting ideologies that took place during the past era. We also feel it out right to have desire for; a society in which the dignity of individuals and the diversity of culture and civilization are respected is now being sought.

Today the world has entered into the 21st century and in order to establish such a society in which multi-cultural and multi societal issues are to be resolved through mutual relationship between nationalism, regionalism and globalism and the image of the world, it is essential to struggle for the security of our people from various perspective, including politics, economy, society and culture.

Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Mughal is a national organization and basically stem its existence from the notion that ‘You are’, ‘I am’ and ‘I am you are’ and the desire to live with dignity can’t but to be accomplished through national interaction. To get to this aims and objective of Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Mughal which was engineered by the founding members is rooted to the pragmatic approach for the Hazara people and to the integration in the world community. We desire to strengthen amongst our people the awareness and commitment to human dignity, tolerance, justice, honesty, fair play, positive and constructive approach to life. We desire to live in a world with the elimination of terrorism, extremism, religious, intolerance, obscenity and discrimination of any account, and to harness the full potential of our people for advancement of the nation, community, family and individuals.

And finally we desire to strive towards the creation of a just and human society, based on values and principles of respect for human rights, democracy, and equality of all citizens, regardless of their race, religious, class, caste, gender, ethnicity or language.

This organisation runs a number of schools and hospitals for Hazara communites in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

TNN Hazara Moghul's Chairman and Air Marshal Sherbet Chingizi.

Today is a special day not just for Naimans, but also for all the other tribes.

A young TNNHM member speaking.

[Амыр]

"Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Moghul (TNNHM)" means 'Organization of Hazara Mughul's New Generation'. Its based in Quetta where thousands of Hazaras live.

На первом фото справа мой знакомый - российский башкир, учился в Иране.

[Aza]

На первом фото справа мой знакомый - российский башкир, учился в Иране.

Серьезно? Он кто ,из племени Табын \Бесут\?

[Tengeribeki]

http://www.infpol.ru/news/323/2226.php?sphrase_id=20575 - афганец Ахмад Башир рассказывает бурятам о хазарейцах

[Акскл]

http://middleeast.about.com/od/glossary/g/me080825a.htm

...Physically, Hazara Afghans have the Mongoloid look of Central Asians, lending credence to the traditional Hazara claim that they are descended of Mongol conqueror Gengis Khan. Scholars disagree, dating the Hazara's origins to the 14th century and the soldiers of Timur, the Mongol warrior also known as Tamerlane or Timur the Lame....

...Физически Хазарейские афганцы имеют монголоидную внешность центральноазиатов заставляющую поверить в традиционное хазарейское утверждение, что они являются потомками "монгольского" завоевателя Чингис Хана. Ученые не соглашаются с этим датируя возниконовение хазарейцев 14-м веком и солдатами Тимура - ""монгольского"" воина, известного как Тамерлана или Хромой Тимур...

Персо-монголы они! Так же как и Чингис Хан и Тимур были т.н. "тюрко-монголами" (т.е. тюрками с азиатской внешностью).

[Агатюрк]

Не понятно что за монголо-тюрки?

Хазарейцы потомки монгольских солдат Чингиз хана и возможно солдат-монгол Тимура.Говорят на диалекте персидского языка- дари.Почему?Потому что взяли в жен женщин из этого народа.т.е их можно с полным правом назвать персо-монголами.

В противном случае растворились бы среди тюрков Афганистана без остатка.

А оставшиеся солдаты тюркского происхождения,если таковые были,растворились среди местного коренного узбекского населения.

[asan-kaygy]

это томки отряда Кули, сына Орда-эджена, сына Джучи, ушедшие после бойни в Афган под руководством Некудера.

[Агатюрк]

это томки отряда Кули, сына Орда-эджена, сына Джучи, ушедшие после бойни в Афган под руководством Некудера.

Тюрки или монголы?

[Агатюрк]

это томки отряда Кули, сына Орда-эджена, сына Джучи, ушедшие после бойни в Афган под руководством Некудера.

Можно и так.

Чьими потомками были хазарейцы?

[asan-kaygy]

Тюрки или монголы?

Судя по ДНК 60 % потомки обитателей Дешти-кипчака, а на 40-45 % пришлые с востока монголы.

[Агатюрк]

Судя по ДНК 60 % потомки обитателей Дешти-кипчака, а на 40-45 % пришлые с востока монголы.

Почти фифти-фифти. Странно что они не взяди себе жен из тюркоязычных... Возможно преобладание ДНК обитателей Дешти-кипчака это уже позднеЕ вливание солдат Тимура.

Скорей всего они были нетюркоязычны,почему и взяли жен из ираноязычных.

В любом случае хазарейцы идентифицируют себя с монголами,а не с тюрками.

[asan-kaygy]

По языку вряд ли можно что сказать, а жен взяли так как своих не было, пришлось брать из окружающих народов.

[АксКерБорж]

О каких монголах вообще ведется речь? О тюрках-татарах 12-13 веков ("монголах" РАДа) или о поздних 15-18 веков халхасцах и их соплеменниках?

В любом случае хазарейцы идентифицируют себя с монголами,а не с тюрками.

Что говорить о современных хазарейцах, если даже современные халхасцы (назовем их обобщенно так), буряты и калмыки ПОЗНАВ в 19-20 веках научную историографию стали причислять себя к МЕНГУ - династии Вечного тюркского эля!

[XAR TATAAR]

О каких монголах вообще ведется речь? О тюрках-татарах 12-13 веков ("монголах" РАДа) или о поздних 15-18 веков халхасцах и их соплеменниках?

Что говорить о современных хазарейцах, если даже современные халхасцы (назовем их обобщенно так), буряты и калмыки ПОЗНАВ в 19-20 веках научную историографию стали причислять себя к МЕНГУ - династии Вечного тюркского эля!

Ne duri Xasag! Kto nazivaet seby Mongolami? Eto mii nazivaemcy Mongol .Gde eto skazano chto mii nachali nazivatsya mongolami v 19 veke? U vas nexvataet literaturii ob istorii Mongolov?

Esli skazati chestno predki kazaxov biili vragami predkov Xalx mongolov.

[Агатюрк]

Что говорить о современных хазарейцах, если даже современные халхасцы (назовем их обобщенно так), буряты и калмыки ПОЗНАВ в 19-20 веках научную историографию стали причислять себя к МЕНГУ - династии Вечного тюркского эля!

Вы хотите сказать что хазарейцы -тюрки,которые выдают себя за потомков солдат-монгол Чингизхана.Зачем это им?

Мое мнение все таки это были монголы,а те которые из тюрков взяли жен из коренных тюрчанок.Наверное были и из тюрок взяшие себе жен из дари,но основная масса были монголы.

Думаю нет различий ДНК монгол и тюрок,чтобы по ним судить,когда известно тюрки и есть монголоиды

[АксКерБорж]

Ne duri Xasag!

Это от незнания русского или в ходу такой лексикон?

[alp-bamsi]

Думаю нет различий ДНК монгол и тюрок,чтобы по ним судить,когда известно тюрки и есть монголоиды

На 100% согласен

[АксКерБорж]

На 100% согласен

А я не понял смысла последних слов в предложении Агатюрка: "когда известно тюрки и есть монголоиды". Что имелось в виду?

[alp-bamsi]

А я не понял смысла последних слов в предложении Агатюрка: "когда известно тюрки и есть монголоиды". Что имелось в виду?

Остальные алтайцы (монголы,тунгусы-маньчжуры,корейцы,японцы)-монголоиды,соответственно по логике и тюрки должны быть монголоидами,а европеоидные тюрки-тюркизированные.

[АксКерБорж]

В таком случае не согласен. Первичный расовый тип тюрков не ясен. Если брать за основу хуннов то монголоиды, если центр тяжести перенести западнее - то наверняка нет.

[Агатюрк]

А я не понял смысла последних слов в предложении Агатюрка: "когда известно тюрки и есть монголоиды". Что имелось в виду?

Асан-Кайгы...Судя по ДНК 60 % потомки обитателей Дешти-кипчака, а на 40-45 % пришлые с востока монголы.

Думаю нет различий ДНК монгол и тюрок,чтобы по ним судить,когда известно тюрки и есть монголоиды.

В таком случае не согласен. Первичный расовый тип тюрков не ясен. Если брать за основу хуннов то монголоиды, если центр тяжести перенести западнее - то наверняка нет..

Речь шла о хазарейцах, Среднеазиатских ,и Восточнее тюрков.

[Aza]

Sayed Zaki Faqerzai Balkhabi

By Sayed Zaki Faqerzai Balkhabi

Language of Speaking in Afghanistan

Language of Speaking in Afghanistan

Language of speaking in Afghanistan makes over different round on the line of history of Afghanistan. “Language, Politeness and culture” these three words in the whole world make over different round.

On Afghanistan some mew languages came after attacking of some foreigner countries and some languages gone from Afghanistan to foreign countries and now in this country some people are speaking on different languages but on the history of Afghanistan two main languages are present in Afghanistan and they are the languages of government and the documents, letters of government have been written in this two languages (Pashto and Dari) and these two languages within these last thirty years by the people of Afghanistan gone to foreign countries and introduced in whole world. Writer Mir Muhammad Sadeq on the page of 52 to 56 and page of 69 to 89 of his books in the name of (Afghanistan on these last five century) gave detail information about languages of Afghanistan and I can’t explain it in this short topic.

Matter of languages in Afghanistan doesn’t have problem on the middle of 18 century and in the beginning of 19 century (when name of Afghanistan fixed) but slowly slowly problem of languages of Afghanistan started off and unfortunately within these last thirty years the one reason of warrior of Afghanistan is for language and especially Warlord People (people of those languages whose spoken in Afghanistan in large make cruelty to those people of languages whose spoken in Afghanistan in little) thus Afghanistan become ruin (Warrior of Nationality, Languages, Side, Nation, Tribe and group follower start). Unfortunately after the attack of US on the year of 2001 US must draw warlord people in the name of offend against Human Rights in court but US sent warlord people back to the government of Afghanistan.

As an Afghan Refugee Writer I must write that the Human Rights and United Nation must talk to former members of (White House) that why they do this?

Especially on the year of 2001 when US attack to Afghanistan I always write from that time that Afghanistan is a Interesting Country, and I must say that by these mistakes of US in the future the people of Afghanistan realize that this war which is in the name of (War against Terrorism) is like the war between one man of field of Texas and between one man of Saudi Arabia and maybe in the future people of Afghanistan will refuse the name of democracy and this matter and goodness of Human Rights in the name of Foreigners. I must say that maybe these International Laws in Afghanistan will be back on the years of 1992-2001.

Because I write in this short article the mixture of languages of people of Afghanistan for the introduction of people of Afghanistan and for people of whole world. This information about languages of people of Afghanistan made by (Ethnologue: Areas: Asia) with the help of United Nation on the year of 1995 and that are following as:

23,141,000 (1995), including an estimated 2,500,000 nomads. Republic of Afghanistan. De Afghanistan Jamhuriat. Literacy rate 12%. Information mainly from Farhadi 1967, Sebeok 1969, Voegelin 1977. Data accuracy estimate: C. Sunni Muslim, Shi’a Muslim, Hindu. Blind population 200,000 (1982 WCE). The number of languages listed for Afghanistan is 49.

1. AIMAQ (BARBARI, BERBERI, CHAHAR-AIMAQ, CHAR AIMAQ) [AIQ] 480,000 in Afghanistan (1993); 800,000 in all countries (1980 Dupree), including 1,000 Jamshidi (1978 MARC). Central northwest Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Tajikistan (Jamshidi and Khazara). Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian. Dialects: TAIMURI (TEIMURI, TIMURI, TAIMOURI), TAIMANI, ZOHRI (ZURI), JAMSHIDI (JAMSHEDI, DJAMCHIDI, YEMCHIDI, DZHEMSHID), FIROZKOHI, MALIKI, MIZMAST, CHINGHIZI, QEDAI NAO HAZARA AIMAQ, ZAINAL, KHAZARA. Dari Persian dialects with some Turkic and Mongolian elements, possibly quite distinct. It also has links with Iranian Persian (Farsi). 5% to 15% literate. Agriculturalists, pastoralists. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Survey needed.

2. ARABIC, TAJIKI SPOKEN [ABH] 5,000 in Afghanistan (1967 Farhadi); 1,000 in Tajikistan; 6,000 in all countries. Spoken in a few villages west of Daulatabad (Khushalabad), near Balkh (Yakhdan), Aq Chah (Sultan Aregh), Shibarghan (Hassanabad), and south of Talukan in Takhar Province; 4 northern provinces. Some in Uzbekistan. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic Dialect: BALKH ARABIC. Persianized Arabic. Speakers are reported to be bilingual in Tajiki and declining in number. Muslim. Survey needed.

3. ASHKUN (ASHKUND, ASHKUNI, WAMAYI, WAMAIS) [ASK] 7,000. 195,000 in all Nuristani groups (1993). Pech Valley around Wama, northwest of Asadabad in Kunar Province. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. Dialects: ASHURUVERI (KOLATA, TITIN BAJAYGUL), GRAMSUKRAVIRI, SURUVIRI (WAMAI). Not written. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

4. AZERBAIJANI, SOUTH (AZERI) [AZB] Ethnic group in Afghanistan: 5,000 Afshari, but far fewer speak it; 13,869,000 or more in all countries. Afshari dialect spoken in small groups north of Kabul, Chandaul quarter of Kabul city, also some in Herat city. Also in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, USA, Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani Dialect: AFSHARI (AFSHAR, AFSAR) Significant differences from North Azerbaijani in the former USSR. Part of the Qizilbash merchant group speaks Afshari dialect, which is strongly influenced by Persian. Part of the Qizilbash speaks Dari. Those under 35 do not know any Azerbaijani. All are bilingual in Persian or Pashto. Most do not know the Cyrillic script Muslim. Work in progress.

5. BALOCHI, WESTERN (BALUCHI, BALUCI, BALOCI) [bGN] 200,000 in Afghanistan (1979 estimate); 451,000 in Iran; 1,000,000 in Pakistan (1996); 18,633 in Turkmenistan; 4,842 in Tajikistan; 1,670,000 in all countries. Along Helmand River and Zaranj area, in the southwest desert region. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Baluchi Dialect: RAKHSHANI (RAXSHANI). Largely nomadic. A literacy language in Afghanistan. The only literature is a newspaper. Arabic script used 15% to 25% literate. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1984. Work in progress.

6. BRAHUI (BRAHUIKI, BIRAHUI, KUR GALLI) [bRH] 200,000 in Afghanistan (1980 Dupree); 10,000 in Iran (1983); 1,500,000 in Pakistan (1981); 1,710,000 in all countries. Among the Baluchi in the south, from Shorawak to Chakhansoor. Dravidian, Northern, 15% to 25% literate. Pastoralists Muslim. Bible portions 1905-1978. Work in progress.

7. DARWAZI [DRW] 10,000 (1983). Town of Darwaz on the Amu Darya River, in the northernmost tip of Afghanistan. May also be in Tajikistan. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian. May be called Badakhshani. 15% to 25% literate Muslim. Survey needed.

8. DOMARI [RMT] 500,000 in all countries (1980 Kenrick). Also in Iran, Syria, Turkey, Russia, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Libya, India, Israel. Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom. Dialect: CHURI-WALI. A Gypsy language. Below 5% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

9. FARSI, EASTERN (PERSIAN, DARI, PARSI) [PRS] 5,600,000, 25% of population (1992); more than 1,000,000 in Pakistan; 7,000,000 in all countries. Various Dari dialects in Khorasan Province (Iran), and provinces of Herat, Hazarajat, Balkh, Ghor, Ghazni, Budakshan, Panjsher, and Galcha Pamir Mountains and Kabul regions. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian. Dialects: DARI (AFGHAN FARSI, HERATI, TAJIKI, KABOLI, KABULI, KHORASANI), PARSIWAN. Dari is taught in schools; radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old diction tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics. Formal style is closer to Tehrani Persian (Farsi); informal style in some parts of Afghanistan is closer to Tajiki of Tajikistan. Phonological and lexical differences between Iran and Afghanistan cause little difficulty in comprehension. Most Afghan dialects are closer to literary Persian than Iranian dialects are to literary Persian. Arabic script. Zargari (Morghuli) is a secret language used among goldsmiths and perhaps others, based on a dialect of Persian. Their real language is Persian (see also Balkan Romani in Iran). National language. Sunni and Shi’a Muslim. 70 Jews (1980) speak the same dialect as Muslims. NT 1982- 1985. Bible portions 1974.

10. GAWAR-BATI (GOWARI, NARSATI, NARISATI, ARANDUI, SATRE) [GWT] 8,000 in Afghanistan; 1,500 in Pakistan plus refugees (1992); 9,500 to 10,000 in all countries 8 or 9 villages in the Kunar Valley, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar. 47% lexical similarity with Shumashti. Related to Grangali, Zemiaki, and Nangalami. Some bilingualism in Pashto. 5% to 15% literate. Mountain valleys. Sunni Muslim. Survey needed.

11. GRANGALI (GELANGALI, JUMIAKI) [NLI] 5,000 (1994). Grangali and Zemiaki in 2 small valleys on the south side of the Pech River at Kandai. Nangalami was in Ningalam village where the Waigal River meets the Pech River, but there may be no speakers left. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar. Dialects: NANGALAMI (NINGALAMI), GRANGALI, ZEMIAKI (ZAMYAKI). Nangalami had 63% lexical similarity with Shumashti, 42% with Gawar Bati. Zemiaki may be related to Waigali. 5% to 15% literate. Mountain valleys Muslim. Survey needed.

12. GUJARI (GUJURI RAJASTHANI, GOJRI, GOJARI) [GJU] 2,000 or fewer in Afghanistan (1994); 538,691 in India (1994 IMA); 300,000 or more in Pakistan (1992); 840,000 or more in all countries. Nomads traveling in the summer in the valleys of eastern Afghanistan. Indo-European, Indo Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified. Below 5% literate. Pastoralists. Muslim. Work in progress.

13. HAZARAGI (HAZARA, HAZAREH, HEZARET) [HAZ] 1,403,000 in Afghanistan (1989), 9% of the population (1989); 70,000 in Pakistan (1993); 283,000 in Iran (1993); 1,756,000 or more in all countries. Some estimates go as high as 6,000,000. Central Afghanistan Mountains between Kabul and Herat (Hazarajat), in Kabul, in area between Maimana and Sari-Pul, in settlements in north Afghanistan, in Baluchistan and near Quetta in Pakistan. Some have moved to northern Iran. Also in Tajikistan. Many are refugees. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian. Ethnic group names are (Central) Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Behsud, Yekaulang, (Southern) Polada, Urusgani, Jaguri, Ghazni Hazaras, and Dai Miradad. They speak a variety related to Dari; possibly distinct. Below 5% literate. Agriculturalists, semi-sedentary pastoralists. Imami Shi’a Muslim. Survey needed.

14. JAKATI (JATI, JATU, JAT, KAYANI, MUSALI) [JAT] 1,000 in Afghanistan (1967); 156,000 in former USSR (1979); 157,000 in all countries. Kabul (25 families), Jalalabad (50 families); Charikar (15 families). Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic. Spoken by the Jats (Gypsies of Afghanistan). Jati is reported to be a dialect of Bangaru, but it is related to Arabic (Ian Hancock U of Texas. Austin, 1986). Different from Jadgali of Pakistan. Not related to Rom. Nomads. Ironsmiths, fortune tellers. Muslim. Survey needed.

15. KAMVIRI (KAMDESHI, LAMERTIVIRI, SHEKHANI, KAMIK) [QMV] 4,000 in Afghanistan (1973 R. Strand); 1,500 to 2,000 plus refugees in Pakistan (1992); 6,000 in all countries. Lower Bashgal Valley. Mainly around Kamdesh and Kishtoz villages. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. Dialects: KAMVIRI, SHEKHANI. Shekhani in Pakistan may be a separate language. Related to Kati. Pashto is the second language used 15% to 25% literate. Mountain valleys. Survey needed.

16. KARAKALPAK (QARAQULPAQS) [KAC] 2,000 in Afghanistan; 407,000 in Uzbekistan (1993 UBS); 409,000 in all countries. North of Jalalabad, also some south of Mazar-i-Sharif, Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian. Dialects: NORTHEAST KARAKALPAK, SOUTHWEST KARAKALPAK. Has literary status in Uzbekistan. There may be none now in Afghanistan; the reference to them is from many years ago. They may now speak closely related Uzbek, or have been absorbed into Farsi or Pashto. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Bible portions 1996. Work in progress.

17. KATI (BASHGALI, KATIVIRI, NURISTANI) [bSH] 15,000 in Afghanistan (1994); 3,700 to 5,100 in Pakistan plus refugees (1992); 20,000 in all countries. Western Kativiri is in Ramgal, Kulam, Ktivi, or Kantiwo, and Paruk or Papruk valleys. Mumviri is in Mangul, Sasku, Gabalgrom villages in the Bashgal Valley. Eastern Kativiri is in the upper Bashgal Valley. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. Dialects: EASTERN KATIVIRI (SHEKHANI), WESTERN KATIVIRI, MUMVIRI. Mumviri may be a separate language. Shekhani is different from the Kamviri which is also called ‘Shekhani’ in Pakistan. Radio broadcast from Kabul. Pashto is the second language used 15% to 25% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

18. KAZAKH (KAZAKHI, QAZAQ, QAZAQI) [KAZ] 2,000 in Afghanistan; 6,556,000 in Kazakhstan (1979); 1,111,718 in China (1990 census); 100,000 in Mongolia (1991); 3,000 in Iran (1982); 600 or more in Turkey (1982); 8,000,000 or more in all countries. Northern Afghanistan, especially Chahar Dara District west of Kunduz, and around Khanabad and Andkhoi. 500 in Herat city. Also in Germany, Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian. Dialects: NORTHEASTERN KAZAKH, SOUTHERN KAZAKH, WESTERN KAZAKH. Muslim. NT 1820-1910, out of print. Bible portions 1818-1989. Work in progress.

19. KIRGHIZ (KIRGHIZI, KIRGIZ) [KDO] 500 in Afghanistan (445 in the Great Pamir, plus a few in Badakhshan); 2,448,220 in Kyrgyzstan (1993); 141,200 in China (1990 census); 1,137 in Turkey; 2,631,000 in all countries. Great Pamir Valley East of 73E, in the very northeast. It is spoken by a few Kirghiz who wander across the Chinese and Kyrgyzstan frontiers. All from the Little Pamir went to Pakistan and then Turkey in 1982. Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian. Afghan Kirghiz do not read Cyrillic. Sunni Muslim. NT 1991. Bible portions 1982-1987.

20. MALAKHEL [MLD] 2,000 (1983). Southwest of Kabul in Logar, North of Baraki. Unclassified. May be the same as Ormuru. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

21. MOGHOLI (MOGHOL, MOGUL, MOGOL, MONGUL) [MLG] 200 or fewer speakers, apparently only elderly, out of an ethnic group of a few thousand. Two villages near Herat: Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. Altaic, Mongolian, Western. Dialects: KUNDUR, KAREZ-I-MULLA. Unintelligible to remaining body of Mongol speakers; linguistically relatively well explored. In the two villages Farsi is the common language, and is rapidly replacing Mogholi. Moghol people in northern Afghanistan now speak Pashto. Sunni Muslim. Nearly extinct.

22. MUNJI (MUNJANI, MUNJHAN, MUNJIWAR) [MNJ] 2,000 to 2,500 (1992). Northeastern Afghanistan in the Munjan and Mamalgha Valleys. There are reports that all have fled to Chitral, Pakistan, but they plan to return to Afghanistan when it becomes peaceful. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir. Dialects: NORTHERN MUNJI, CENTRAL MUNJI, SOUTHERN MUNJI, MAMALGHA MUNJI. 68% lexical similarity among ‘dialects’, 56% to 80% with Yidgha in Pakistan. Little contact with Yidgha. Eastern Farsi is the main second language used. 15% to 25% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

23. ORMURI (BARGISTA, BARAKS, ORMUI) [ORU] 50 speakers out of 2,000 to 5,000 ethnic group members in Afghanistan; 3,000 in Pakistan (1980); 3,050 in all countries. Spoken by a few families in Baraki-Barak in Logar. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Ormuri-Parachi. Dialects: KANIGURAMI, LOGAR. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

24. PAHLAVANI [PHV] Spoken in village Haji Hamza Khan of Karim Kushta in Chakhansoor Province. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian. Similar to Dari Persian but still distinct; minor dialect. Muslim. Survey needed.

25. PARACHI [PRC] 500 to 600 speakers out of 5,000 to 6,000 members of the ethnic group. Villages in Nijrau and Tagau (600 families), Pachaghan, Shutul (400 families), Ghujulan (100 families), Hindu Kush Valley near Kabul. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Ormuri-Parachi. Dialects: SHUTUL, GHUJULAN, NIJRAU. Close affinity to Ormuri. Dialect diversity seems to be slight. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

26. PARYA (AFGHANA-YL NASFURUSH, AFGHANA-YL SIYARUL, LAGHMANI) [PAQ] 1,000 or more in all countries. Also in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Unclassified. Second language is Tajiki. Parya remains the exclusive language within the home. It may be a dialect of Marwari, related to Punjabi, or the Laghman dialect of Southeast Pashayi of Afghanistan. 5% to 15% literate. Survey needed.

27. PASHAYI, NORTHEAST [AEE] Side valleys between the Kunar and Pech rivers, in Kunar Province, West of Asadabad. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar, Pashayi. Dialects: ARET, CHALAS (CHILAS), KANDAK, KURANGAL, KURDAR. Unintelligible with other Pashayi languages. The villages of Kandak, Shemul, Aret, Shumasht, and Kordar belong to the Chugani people; Chalas and Kurangal are separate 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

28. PASHAYI, NORTHWEST [GLH] From Gulbahar across Kapisa and Laghman provinces to Nuristan on the Alingar River, especially the Alisheng Valley and valleys north of Sarobi. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar, Pashayi. Dialects: GULBAHAR, KOHNADEH, LAUROWAN, SANJAN, SHUTUL, BOLAGHAIN, PACHAGAN, ALASAI, SHAMAKOT, UZBIN, PANDAU, NAJIL, PARAZHGHAN, PASHAGAR, WADAU, NANGARACH. Unintelligible with other Pashayi languages. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

29. PASHAYI, SOUTHEAST (PASHAI) [DRA] Upper and Lower Darrai Nur Valley, Damench, Shale (Shari). North of Shewa in Nangarhar Province, and adjacent regions of the Alingar Valley in southern Laghman Province. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar, Pashayi. Dialects: DARRAI NUR, WEGAL, LAGHMAN, ALINGAR, KUNAR. Unintelligible with other Pashayi languages. In the upper Darrai Nur there are ten villages (including Bamba Kot, Lamatek, and Sultan) which form a single people group with their own dialect. Residents of the lower Darrai Nur (Nur River) are a separate and perhaps not ethnically organized people 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

30. PASHAYI, SOUTHWEST [PSH] 108,000 or 6% of the population (1982), including all Pashayi languages or dialects. Tagau (Tagab) Valley, north of Sarobi, northeast of Kabul. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar, Pashayi. Dialects: TAGAU, ISHPI, ISKEN. All Pashayi peoples have rich folklore and songs preserved by oral tradition. Not intelligible with other Pashayi languages 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

31. PASHTO, WESTERN (PAKTU, PAKHTO, AFGHAN, PASSTOO, PAKHTOO, PUSHTO, PASHTU, PUSHTU) [PBT] 8,000,000 in Afghanistan (1989), 50% of the population (1989 WA); 4,000 in Tajikistan; 113,000 in Iran (1993); thousands in United Arab Emirates; 8,117,000 in all countries. East, South, and Southwest. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto. Dialects: GHILZAI, DURANI. Since the early 1930’s the Afghan government has been exerting considerable effort to standardize and publicize the language. One of the two official languages taught in schools. The people are called ‘Pashtoon’ in the North and ‘Pashtoon’ in the South. The Ghilzai speakers are nomadic and 24% of the national population. The Durani, 16% live in permanent settlements. Clans are: Mohmandi, Ghilzai, Durani, Yusufzai, Afridi, Kandahari (Qandahari), Waziri, Chinwari (Shinwari), Mangal, Wenetsi. Kandahari is the standard dialect, in Kandahar, a major city, 15% to 25% literate. National language. Mainly Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Survey needed.

32. PRASUNI (PRASUN, VERUNI, PARUN, WASI-VERI, VERON, VEROU) [PRN] 2,000. Prasun (Parun) Valley on the upper reaches of Pech River in Nuristan; villages of Shupu (Ishtivi, Shtevgrom), Sech, Ucu, Ushut, Zumu. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. Dialects: UPPER WASI-WERI, CENTRAL PRASUN, LOWER PRASUN (USHUT). Very closely related to Bashgali but more archaic. The most aberrant of the Nuristani languages. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

33. SANGLECHI-ISHKASHIMI [sGL] 2,000 in Afghanistan; 500 in Tajikistan; 2,500 in all countries. Sanglech Valley, Ishkashim area. Ishkashimi spoken in 17 villages; Sanglechi in 2. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir. Dialects: ZEBAK (ZEBAKI), SANGLECHI, ISHKASHIMI (ISHKASHMI, ISHKASHIM, ESHKASHIMI). Bilingual in Persian. Spoken mainly in villages; formerly used more widely. Dialects listed may be separate languages. 15% to 25% literate. Muslim.

34. SAVI (SAWI, SAUJI, SAU) [sDG] 3,000 (1983) or several thousand (1992). Sau village on the Kunar River, now living in refugee camps near Timargarha in Dir; Pakistan and near Drosh in Chitral, Pakistan. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina. 56% to 58% lexical similarity with Phalura. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

35. SHUGHNI [sGH] 20,000 in Afghanistan (1994 GMI); 35,000 to 40,000 in Tajikistan; 55,000 to 60,000 in all countries. Both sides of Afghan-Tajikistan border, some 30 miles North of Ishkashim, Pamir Mts. Also in Tajikistan (Bartangi and Roshani dialects). Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir, Shugni-Yazgulami. Dialects: ROSHANI (RUSHANI, RUSHAN, OROSHANI), SHUGHNI (SHUGNI, SHIGHNI, SHUGHNANI, SHUGAN, KHUGNI, KUSHANI, SAIGHANI, GHORANI), BARTANGI (BARTANG), OROSHOR (OROSHORI). Dialects listed may be separate languages. 5% to 15% literate. Pastoralists. Muslim. Work in progress.

36. SHUMASHTI (SHUMASHT) [sMS] 1,000 (1994). Chitral frontier, 60 miles up the Kunar River from Gawar-Bati, on the West side, Darrai Mazar Valley. Shumast village has two languages; this Dardic Kunar language, and a Northeast Pashayi dialect. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar. 63% lexical similarity with Nangalami (Grangali), 47% with Gawar-Bati. Heavily influenced by Pashayi. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

37. SINDHI [sND] 19,675,000 in all countries; 16,992,000 in Pakistan (1993); 2,678,000 in India; 5,000 in Singapore (1993). Kandahar. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi. Dialects: DUKSLINU (HINDU SINDHI), MUSLIM SINDHI. Speakers emigrated from India. May have all left (1985). Merchants. Muslim. Bible 1954. NT 1890-1992. Bible portions 1825-1971.

38. TANGSHEWI (TANGSHURI) [TNF] 10,000 (1994). East of Darwazi on the Amu Darya, far northeast of Badakhshan. May also be in Turkmenistan. Indo- European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Unclassified. May be Eastern Iranian. May be called Tajiki. Probably closely related to Darwazi. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

39. TATAR [TTR] 350 in Afghanistan; 7,000,000 in all countries (1991 WA). Also in Russia, Turkey, China, USA, Finland. Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian. There are a few speakers, probably immigrants, in Afghanistan, but they may be quite bilingual in Persian or Pashto, and cannot use the Cyrillic script. 5% to 15% literate. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1864-1995. Work in progress.

40. TIRAHI [TRA] A few elderly speakers. There may be 5,000 members of the ethnic group in all countries. Southeast of Jalalabad, and west of the Khyber Pass; village of Nangarhar. Not in Pakistan. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani. Most closely related to Kohistani languages of Pakistan. Muslim. Nearly extinct.

41. TREGAMI (TRIGAMI) [TRM] 1,000 (1994). Nuristan, villages of Katar and Gambir. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. 76% to 80% lexical similarity with Waigali. 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

42. TURKMEN (TURKOMAN, TURKMENI, TURKMAN) [TCK] 500,000 in Afghanistan (1995), 5,397,500 in all countries. Along the border of Turkmenistan, especially the border regions of Fariab and Badghis Provinces. Some in Andkhoi town and Herat city. Also in Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan. Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian. Dialects: SALOR, TEKE (TEKKE, CHAGATAI, JAGATAI), ERSARI, SARIQ, YOMUT. Sharp dialect differences. Probably mainly Ersari dialect in Afghanistan. A literary language in Afghanistan, but the only literature is a newspaper. Arabic script. Some better educated persons can read Cyrillic. Second language is Pashto. Refugee group in Kabul. People called ‘Turkomen’ in Syria are Azerbaijani speakers. 15% to 25% literate. Nomadic, cultivators, pastoralists, Persian lamb export, Persian rugs. Hanafi Sunni Muslim, occult. NT 1994. Bible portions 1880-1994.

43. URDU (HINDI) [uRD] 54,000,000 or more in all countries. Spoken by merchants and traders from Pakistan or India, mainly in urban centers. Also Pakistan, India, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, South Africa, Mauritius, Thailand, Germany, Fiji, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani. May have all left Afghanistan (1985). 15% to 30% literate. Merchants, traders. Muslim. Bible 1843-1958. NT 1758-1993. Bible portions 1805-1894.

44. UYGHUR (UIGHUR, UYGHURI, WIGHOR, UIGHOR, UIGUIR) [uIG] 3,000 in Afghanistan; 7,214,431 in China (1990 census); 245,000 in Kazakhstan; 1,000 in Mongolia; 500 or more in Turkey; a few hundred families of traders in Pakistan; 7,464,000 or more in all countries. Spoken in a few villages in Badakshan and Abi-i-Barik. Also possibly in Iran and Taiwan. Altaic, Turkic, Eastern. Dialects: KASHGAR-YARKAND (YARKANDI), TARANCHI. 5% to 15% literate. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. NT 1914-1939. Bible portions 1898-1995. Work in progress.

45. UZBEK, SOUTHERN (UZBEKI, USBEKI, UZBAK) [uZS] 1,403,000, or 9% of population in Afghanistan (1991 WA); 1,981 in Turkey (1982); 50,000 in Pakistan (1993); 1,455,000 or more in all countries. Many places in north Afghanistan, especially Fariab Province. Maimana town is largely Uzbek. Also possibly in Germany, Altaic, Turkic, Eastern. Limited understanding of Northern Uzbek. A literary language in Afghanistan, but the only literature is 2 journals, circulation 400. Arabic script used, but orthography not yet standardized. City dwellers are bilingual in Dari; village dwellers have limited ability in Dari. 15% to 25% literate in Dari, not Uzbeki. Arabic. Mainly settled agriculturalists, some nomads, and some craftsmen in gold, jewels, pottery, and leather. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Survey needed.

46. WAIGALI (WAIGELI, WAIGALA, ZHONJIGALI, SUKI, WAI-ALA, KALASHA-ALA) [WBK] 8,000 to 10,000 (1974 Jones). Southeast Nuristan, North of Pech in central Kunar Province. Varjan is in north Waigal Valley, villages of Waigal, Zonchigal, Jamach, Ameshdesh, and eastward in the Veligal Valley and villages there. Chima-Nishey is in villages in the lower valley. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. Dialects: VARJAN, CHIMA-NISHEY. 76% to 80% lexical similarity with Tregami. 15% to 25% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

47. WAKHI (WAKHANI, WAKHIGI, VAKHAN, KHIK, GUHJALI) [WBL] 7,000 in Afghanistan (1979 estimate); 9,100 in Pakistan (1992) plus refugees; 7,000 in Tajikistan (1993); 6,000 in China; 29,000 in all countries. East of Ishkashim, Pamir Mts., in 64 villages on the left bank of the Panj River in the Wakhan Corridor, as far as Sarhad village (about 73E). Center is Khandud. Most have scattered as refugees in Afghanistan or Pakistan. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir. People are called ‘Guhjali’. Below 1% literate. There may be none in Afghanistan now. Muslim. Needs survey.

48. WARDUJI [WRD] 5,000 (1994). Werdoge River area west of Ishkashim, northeast Afghanistan. Unclassified. Probably a Persian dialect. May be Pamir 5% to 15% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

49. WOTAPURI-KATARQALAI [WSV] 2,000 (1994). South of Waigali area in Nuristan in the towns of Wotapuri and Katarqalai. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani. 15% to 25% literate. Muslim. Survey needed.

As an Afghan and Political writer of Afghanistan I have information about Afghanistan because my passed job was in the Survey of Mines and I saw all parts of Afghanistan and my subject is History of Afghanistan.

I think if peace will come in Afghanistan then the first plan must be a Counting of Population of Afghanistan and also fix the interior languages of Afghanistan. And this plan is possible only by Organization of United Nation.

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