https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329454362_Haplogroup_C-Y12244_of_Y-chromosome_or_Western_cluster_of_haplogroup_C-M86_M77
Conclusion
By the revealed genealogical branches it can be concluded that each of them in one way or another relates
to the territory of Kazakhstan at different stages of history, from which it is possible, based on the data of
TMRCA and according to the population map of other nations, to give several hypotheses about
migratory processes in the carriers of the C-L1370 haplogroup. In the opinion of the authors, taking into
account the fact that each sub-branch of the haplogroup under investigation has most likely a separate
migration history and is associated with different nations and tribes, the authors considered each sub-
branch separately.
SK1066 is the most common branch, which clearly has its haplotype with a value of "12" at the DYS388
locus, is mainly in the western Mongols "Oirat ethnic group", which also includes Kalmyks. The carriers
of this polymorphism most likely had two waves of migration to the west. One is connected with the
Genghis Khan Mongols invasion (Rashid-ad-Din, 1952) (The Secret Legend of the Mongols, 1941) , the
other is linked with the fall of the Junggar Khanate. In this study, attention was drawn to its presence
among the Kazakhs, namely one of the Bersh family subdivision, which already existed before the
Junggar Khanate.(Usenbaev. T., 2003) In connection with this, we researched a Kalmyk sample, who is a
descendant of the former Junggar Khanate and an above-mentioned sample of the Kazakh tribe with the
same haplotype, according to TMRCA, whose common ancestor lived about 1060 years ago; that
indicates that its presence in the Kazakh is not connected with the Junggar Khanate, and is most likely
associated with the Genghis Khan Mongols invasion, although the early migration of his ancestor to the
territory of Kazakhstan is not excluded. Due to the fact that the TMRCA data and the high frequency of
the presence of this branch in certain areas indicate that this genealogical branch is directly connected
with Oirat and related tribes that historically were recorded in the Middle Ages as forest people west of
Lake Baikal and were related to Mongolian ethnic group (de Bridia, 2002).
F12970 branch has two sub-branches: Y23111 and Y22657, which were divided in the early period and
associated with different peoples. Y23111 can be called the "Altai branch" because its main carriers are
found among the people of Southern Altai, Altai Kazakhs and Kazakhs of the Naiman tribe living in the
north-eastern part of Kazakhstan and western Mongolia. The Y22657 branch does not have a certain
territory and is scattered throughout eastern Eurasia, while its young branches indicate that the
genealogical line passed through the bottleneck, a period that coincides with the Genghis Khan Mongols
invasion, and apparently for the same reason was scattered throughout eastern Eurasia.
Y15550 branch does not found on the territory of Mongolia and is the third separate branch concerning
the above mentioned. It is found in Siberian Tatars, and its Y15552 sub-branch is found in western
Kazakhs, mainly among the "Alshin" tribe (Usenbaev. T., 2003). Among the identified haplotypes, there
is a likelihood that it exists in Kalmyks, but given that such haplotypes do not occur in western Mongolia,
it can be assumed that this is a later infusion into the gene pool of the Kalmyks, after the collapse of the
Junggar Khanate, or it is only "homoplasia" as the subclade has not been verified (Supplementary data).
Considering the fact that Y15550 representatives are not numerous among Siberian Tatars and the young
age of its Y15552 sub-branch (about 600 years), it can be asserted that this branch passed the "bottleneck"
most likely during the Genghis Khan Mongols invasion and its absence in the territory of Mongolia
indicates its early migration to the territory of Kazakhstan, before the appearance of the Mongols of
Genghis Khan time.
