зтимология корня alp- alb

[Гость Зиядоглу]

Господа, меня интерсует этимология корня alp-alb.

Альпы

Албаны

Алпан

[Ар_]

Господа, меня интерсует этимология корня alp-alb.

Альпы

Албаны

Алпан

Alp

1598, "any high, snow-capped mountain," from Alps, from Fr. Alpes, from L. Alpes "the Alps," perhaps from

altus "high,"

or albus "white"

or from a Celtic word (according to Servius),

or a pre-I.E. root.

Alpenstock (1829) "long iron-pointed staff used for hiking in mountains" is Ger., lit. "Alpine stick."

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *albh- <PIH *a->

Meaning: white

Hittite: alpa- 'Wolke' (Tischler 18)

Old Greek: alpho/-s m. `weisser Auschlag, lepra' {acc.pl. alphou/s `белый' Hsch. - nowhere found!}

Germanic: *alb=, *alft=

Latin: albus, -a `(matt)weiss, weissgla"nzend'

Other Italic: Umbr alfu `alba'; Osk Alafaternum `Alafaternorum', Pael Alafis

Russ. meaning: белый

References: WP I 92 f, Buck 43.

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Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *alb=, *alft=

Meaning: something white

Swedish: dial. alf `alkhaltiges Sand unter der Fruchterde'

Old Saxon: 58

Dutch: { alft, elft `Weissfisch' }; alver (visnaam)

Low German: alf, albe `Weissfisch'

Middle High German: albel `Weissfisch' st. m. 'weissfisch'; alber st. m. 'pappelbaum'

German: { Albe `Weissfisch'; dial. Alben `alkhaltiges Sand unter der Fruchterde' }

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : food, eat

Eurasiatic : *HVlV

Sino-Caucasian : *=i/?_wVl eat

Austric : *lV

Reference : ND 34 compares Nostr. with PSH *?aly- 'fleshy part of thigh, fat tail'; this is rather improbable (cf. rather Mong. *ala 'inner side of thigh' under "Alt. "*a\lak`u) - but cf. ibid. some scattered Cush. forms meaning 'fat, oil'. In SC cf. alternatively *x|wy>l?_i/ 'fat, oil'.

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Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HVlV

Meaning: food

Indo-European: *al-

Altaic: *i_ol/e

Uralic: *jOlV

Dravidian: *al.-

References: МССНЯ 354, ОСНЯ 1, 259-260; ND 34 *[?]al/a 'food'.

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Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *al-

Meaning: to raise, to feed

Old Indian: i/d.a:, i/d.- f. `refreshing draught, refreshment, libation'; r&dhnoti, r&n.addhi, r&dhati, r&dhyati `to grow, increase, prosper, succeeed'; a/rdhuka- `prospering'

Avestan: ar@dat_ `er lasse gedeihen', @r@da:t- `Gedeihen schaffend'

Old Greek: a/n-alto- `unersa"ttlich', nea:le:/-s `munter, stark' < *new(o)-al-; alda/ino:, a/ldomai_, aor. a":/ldane `wachsen lassen, sta"rken', alde:/sko: `wachsen'; altha/i_no:, a/ltho: `heilen', a/lthomai_ `heil werden'

Germanic: *al-a- vb., *al-d-i/- c., *al-d-o:/ f., *al-d-a/- adj., *al-d-r-a/- m., comp. *a/l-t|-iz-a-, *al-id-ja- n., *al-d-ia- vb., etc.

Latin: alo:, -ere, -ui:, -tum (/ -itum) `(er)na"hren, aufziehen, pflegen', alimentum `Na"hrungsmittel'; altus, -a `hoch, tief'; abebris, -e `na"hrend, nahrhaft'; ale:scere `heranwachsen, gedeihen'; almus, -a `na"hrend, segenspendend, hold, hehr' adole:sco:, adultum, -ere `heranwachsen'; indole:s, -is f. `die angeborene Beschaffenheit, Anlage, Begabung', subole:s `Nachkommenschaft, Spross', pro:le:s, -is f. `Spro"ssling, Nachkomme, Nachwuchs'

Other Italic: Osk altinu/m `alimentorum'

Celtic: OIr alim `na"hre'; MIr alt `Ho"he; Ufer, Ku"ste'; Cymr allt `Seite eines Hu"gels, bewaldeter Felsen', OCorn als, Bret aot, aod `Ku"ste'; OIr altram `Nahrung', altru `Pflegevater'

Russ. meaning: растить, кормить

References: WP I 86 f

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Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *alan- vb., *aldi/-z, *aldo:/, *alda/-, *aldra/-z, comp. *a/lt|iza-, *alidja-n, *aldian- vb. etc.

Meaning: grow, breed; old

Gothic: *alan st. `grow'; *ald-s f. (i) `generation, age'; CrimGot alt adj. `senex'; *aldo:mo: m. ~ n. (n) `old age'; alt|i:-s (ja) `old'; ptc. *us-alt|an-s `sinile', *fram-aldr-s (a) `aged'

Old Norse: ala st. `hervorbringen, zeugen, zu"chten, na"hren'; o|ld f. `Lebenzzeit, Zeitalter', pl. `Menschen'; aldr, gen. aldr-s m. `Alter, Leben, Zeit', ptc. aldin-n `gealtert'; aldin n., aldin-n m. `Baumfrucht'; eldi n. `Na"hrung, Kind'; comp. ellri; elda wk. `alt machen'

Norwegian: ala vb.; dial. old sbs.; alder sbs.; comp. eldre; elde `Zu"chtung, Brut'; elda vb.

Old Swedish: ala vb.; alda `fruchttragende Eiche'; aldin, aldon, aallan `Eichel'

Swedish: comp. a"ldre; o|lder sbs.; o|llon `Eichel'

Old Danish: ala" vb.; olden `Frucht der Buche oder der Eiche'; comp. a"ldre; a"lde-s vb.

Danish: old sbs.; older sbs.

Old English: alan (o:l, o:lon; alen) `to nourish, grow, produce; to appesr', ild, -e f. `age, period of time; age, time of life, years; mature or old age, eld', pl. `age, old people, chief people', ealdor (aldor), -es n. `life; age'; { eald }; { ieldan }

English: eld, old

Old Saxon: ald; pl. eldi `Menschen'; aldar `Greisen-, Lebensalter'

Middle Dutch: out

Dutch: oud

Middle Low German: o:lt; elden `warten, zo"gern'

Old High German: alt (8.Jh.); altar `Greisenalter, Lebensalter'; elten `alt werden, verzo"gern'

Middle High German: alt 'alt (im gegensatz von jung)'

German: alt

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Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 54

Root: al-2

English meaning: to grow; to bear

German meaning: `wachsen; wachsen machen, na"hren'

Material: Ai. an-ala- `Feuer' (`das Unersa"ttliche', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);

gr. νεα:λής `munter, stark' (νέος + al-; u"ber φυταλιή s. unten);

lat. alo:, -ere, -ul, -itum `na"hren, gros|ziehen'; ale:scere `heranwachsen, gedeihen', coale:scere `zusammenwachsen', adole:scere `heranwachsen' (adultus `erwachsen'), abole:scere `vergehen' (dazu scheint aboleo:, -e:re `vernichten, vertilgen' als Transitivum neugebildet zu sein, z. T. nach (ad)auge:sco: : (ad)augeo:, besonders aber nach dem bedeutungsgleichen de:le:vi:, de:leo:; der Anklang an ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι ware dann tru"gerisch; anders WH. I 4), indole:s `natu"rliche Anlage', subole:s `Nachwuchs, Nachkommenschaft, Spros|', pro:les (*pro-ole:s) `Spro"s|ling, Nachkomme' (davon pro:le:ta:rius; diese drei mit o aus a vor dunklem l, nicht mit idg. o-Ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 annimmt); alimentum `Nahrung', alimo:nia, -ium `Nahrung, Unterhalt';

air. alim `na"hre'; hierher wohl auch cymr. alu, mbret. halaff, nbret. ala `geba"ren', cymr. al f. `Wurf, Nachkommenschaft, Volk', alaf m. `Reichtum' = air. alam f. `Herde', davon almae ds.;

got. ags. alan (o:l) `aufwachsen' (intr. wie lat. adoleo:), aisl. ala (o:l) `na"hren, hervorbringen', got. aliþs `gema"stet' (Partiz. eines Kaus. *aljan = norw. dial. elja); aisl. elskr `von Liebe beseelt', elska `lieben' (s. zur Bed.-Entw. Falk-Torp u. elske).

Mit t-Formantien:

Gr. ἄν-αλτος `unersa"ttlich'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι_-ος) n. `heiliger Hain', lat. altus `hoch' (d. i. `gros|gewachsen'), mir. alt `Ho"he; Ufer, Ku"ste', cymr. allt `Seite eines Hu"gels, bewaldeter Hu"gel', acorn. als, bret. aot, aod `Ku"ste', as. ald, ahd. (usw.) alt `alt' (eigentlich `gros|gewachsen'), ahd. alto^n `hinausschieben' (`alt machen'); *alti- auch in got. alds f. `Zeitraum, Lebenszeit', ags. ield `Zeitraum, Lebenszeit, Alter, Greisenalter' (Pl. ielde, as. eldi `Menschen'), anord.o,ld f. `Zeit, Zeitalter, Pl. Menschen'; *alti_o- in osk. altinu/m, wenn `alimentorum' = lat. *altio:num; air. comaltae `Ziehbruder' = mcymr. cyfeillt `Ho"riger', ncymr. cyfaill `Freund' (*komal-ti_os), mcymr. eillt (*alti_os) `Zo"gling, Held', air. inailt (*eni-alti:) `Dienerin', got. alþeis (*alti_os) `alt' = air. alt(a)e `erzogen'; *altro- in air. altram `Nahrung', altru `Pflegevater' (cymr. athraw `Lehrer' usw., s. Pedersen KG. I 137); anord. aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) `Alter, Lebenszeit, Greisenalter', ags. ealdor `Leben', as. aldar, ahd. altar `Greisenalter, Lebensalter'.

Mit m-Forrnantien:

Gr. ἄλμα n. `Hain', φυτάλμιος Beiwort des Zeus und Poseidon (ebenso Φυτάλιος, Bezeichnung des isthmischen Poseidon in Troezen, Φύταλος, wozu hom. φυταλιή `Baumpflanzung' als Abstraktum, s. Bechtel Lexil. 331); lat. almus `na"hrend (ager), segenspendend, hold, hehr'. Vielleicht hierher die FlN thrak. Almus, illyr. (?) Almo: (Rom), Alma: (Etrurien), abrit. *Alma:, engl. Yealm.

Toch. А a:lym- `Leben, Geist'.

d-Erweiterungen: ai. i/d.-, i/d.a: `Labung, Spende'; gr. ἀλδαίνω `lasse wachsen, sta"rke', ἀλδήσκω `wachse', ἀναλδής `nicht gedeihend; Wachstum hemmend', ἄλδομαι `bringe hervor' (καρπούς).

dh-Erweiterungen: ai. r&dhno/ti, r&na/ddhi, r&dha/ti, r&/dhyati `gedeiht, gelingt, macht gelingen, bringt zustande', av. ar@dat̃ `er lasse gedeihen', @r@da:t- `Gedeihen schaffend', ai. a/rdhuka- `gedeihend' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.); gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω `heile', ἄλθομαι `wachse, heile'; aschwed. alda `fruchttragende Eiche', aisl. aldin `Baurnfrucht, bes. es|bare (Ecker, Eichel)'.

References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.

Pages: 26-27

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Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i_ol/e

Meaning: food

Russian meaning: пища

Turkic: *(i)al/, *(i)al/-a-

Mongolian: *o"l

Tungus-Manchu: *uli:-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

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Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *(i)al/, *(i)al/-a-

Meaning: 1 meal, food 2 to eat 3 porridge 4 to feed

Russian meaning: 1 еда, пища 2 есть 3 каша 4 кормить

Old Turkic: as^ 1, as^a- 2 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: as^ 1, as^a- 2 (KB)

Turkish: as^ 1

Tatar: as^a- 2

Middle Turkic: as^ 1 (Pav. C.)

Uighur: as^ 1

Azerbaidzhan: as^ 3

Turkmen: as^ 1

Khakassian: as 1

Halaj: a:s^, o|:s^ 1

Yakut: as 1

Dolgan: as 1, as- 2

Tuva: a's^ 1, az^a:- 4

Tofalar: as^a- 4

Kirghiz: as^ 1

Noghai: as^a- 2

Bashkir: as^a- 2

Balkar: as^a- 2

Karaim: as^a- 2

Comments: VEWT 29-30, ЭСТЯ 1, 210-212, TMN 2, 61-62, EDT 253, 256, Stachowski 38.

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Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *o"l

Meaning: nutritive, nutrition

Russian meaning: питательный, пища

Written Mongolian: o"l (L 633)

Khalkha: o"l

Buriat: u"l

Kalmuck: o"l

Ordos: o"l

Shary-Yoghur: o"l

Comments: KW 294, MGCD 541.

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Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *uli:-

Meaning: to feed

Russian meaning: кормить

Evenki: uli:-

Even: uli-

Literary Manchu: ulebu-

Nanai: uli-

Udighe: ulikte 'sacrificial fat' (Корм. 301)

Comments: ТМС 2, 260.

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Uralic etymology :

Number: 207

Proto: *jOlV

English meaning: fat (of animal)

German meaning: Fett (des Tieres)

Saam (Lapp): jo,lle -l- (N) 'middling fatness, good condition', ja%lle: (L) 'Ru"ckenfett (des Rentiers)'

Khanty (Ostyak): pupi ja%л (Trj.) 'Ba"renfett', jo|t (Ni.) 'Blut (des Ba"ren)'; Bibergeil', jal (O) 'Bibergeil; Weichrauch' ( > Nen. ja:l 'Fett, Tran')

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Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *a\l.-

Meaning : fat; strength

Proto-South Dravidian: *a>l.-

Proto-Telugu : *alav-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *la:v

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ala:v-

Notes : It is not excluded that most of the Central Dravidian forms are re-borrowed from Telugu.

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South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *a>l.-

Meaning : strength

Tamil : al.

Tamil meaning : strength, firmness

Kannada : al.a, al.avi, al.avu, alavu

Kannada meaning : power, strength, force, ability, possibility, practicability

Number in DED : 0291

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Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *alav-

Meaning : power, ability, possibility, practicability

Telugu : alavi

Additional forms : Also alavu power, ability, strength, exertion; la:vu strength, power, ability, bigness, fatness, corpulence, robustness; adj. big, large, stout, corpulent, robust

Number in DED : 291

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Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *la:v

Meaning : fat, strength

Kolami : la:v "fat"

Parji : la:v "strength"

Number in DED : 291

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Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *alav-

Meaning : strength

Proto-Gondi : *la:v

Konda : alvi

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

---------------------------------

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *la:v

Meaning : strength

Muria Gondi : la:v

Koya Gondi : la:v

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : la:v "force"

Number in DED : 291

Number in CVOTGD : 3112

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Konda etymology :

Konda : alvi

Meaning: energy, stamina

Additional forms : Also Konda a:l id., endurance; la:vu much

Number in DED : 291

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=i/?_wVl-

Meaning: to eat

North Caucasian: *=i?_wVl

Sino-Tibetan: *q(h)w|i@>r

Yenisseian: *?ir- ( ~ x-)

Basque: *al/ha

Comments and references : WFR 106, BCD 31.

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North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=i?_wVl

Meaning: to feed on, to eat; to bite

Proto-Nakh: *q-ah_-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *r-VHVn-

Proto-Tsezian: *heIn- / *heIl-

Proto-Lezghian: *?i?w|a"l-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

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Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *q-ah_-

Meaning: to bite

Batsbi: q-ah_-ar

Comments: Attested only in Bacb. (with the preverb q-), but having probable external parallels. With another preverb, *l-, cf. Bacb. lah_-ar 'to eat (together with smth.)' (term.), leh_-ar id. (dur.).

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Andian etymology :

Protoform: *r-VHVn-

Meaning: 1 to feed on (smth.) 2 fat

Avar: rehn- 1

Chadakolob: reh 2

Comments: The Chad. form is a verbal derivate (with loss of *-Vn); cf. also Av. lit. rehe/n 'nutritiousness', rehen bugeb 'nutritious, nourishing'.

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Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *heIn- / *heIl-

Meaning: to bite

Tsezi: h_an-

Ginukh: hil-

Khvarshi: h_a:n-

Comments: PTsKh *heIn- / *heIl- (with expressive vowel length in Khvarsh.).

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Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *?i?w|a"l-

Meaning: 1 to eat 2 to get hungry

Lezghian: t.u"-n (masd.) 1

Tabasaran: ip`- 1

Agul: ?|u"t.- 1

Rutul: =ile- 1

Kryz: ?|u"l- 1

Budukh: s-o?_ul- 1

Archi: lah-bos 2

Comment: Complicated reflexes in modern languages are due to combinations of class infixes with the Inlaut laryngeal: cf. Tab. ip`u-b (*?i-b-?-) / it.u-b (*?i-d-?-); Lezg. praet. t.u"-na (*?i-d-?u-na) as opposed to the infinitive ne-z (*?in-Vs: < *?i?(w|)l-Vs:). The root-final *-l- is well preserved in Rut., Kryz., Bud.; cf. also Ag. Bursh. ?|u"t.al-as. On the other hand, the Rut. terminative form li-?i-r and the Arch. lah- reflect the metathesized variant *li?w|a"-.

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *q(h)w|i@>r

Meaning: present of food; appetite

Chinese: 餫 *w_@rs bring supply of food to.

Tibetan: skor food presented to Lamas.

Lushai: vir to have an intense longing for animal food.

Kiranti: *w@\r

Comments: Cf. perhaps also Mikir kor 'bite' ( < *k-wVr); for semantics cf. Kiranti.

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Chinese characters :

Character: 餫

Modern (Beijing) reading: yu\n

Preclassic Old Chinese: w(h)@rs

Classic Old Chinese: w(h)@nh

Western Han Chinese: w(h)@nh

Eastern Han Chinese: w(h)@nh

Early Postclassic Chinese: w(h)y\n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: w(h)y\n

Late Postclassic Chinese: w(h)y\n

Middle Chinese: h|u"\n

English meaning : bring supply of food to

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

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Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *w@\r

Meaning: chew

Tulung: jor- (AS wer-) toss into mouth

Kaling: wo"rna" (wo"ru) chew (pop-corn)

Limbu: ha:ma: (ha:ru) bite

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Limbu dictionary :

Entry: ha?ma?, -ha?r-/-ha?-

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: 1) bite; 2) afflict, viz. diseases caused by displeased or malevolent supernatural entities

Derivation: [< ha tooth] [?]

Comments: 2) co:?co:? me|mme|pme|lle samle aha? If you don't observe the practice of co:?co:?, disincarnate spirits will afflict you; cf. sisam, so:gha, sugup.

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Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *?ir- ( ~ x-)

Meaning: to eat

Ket: il/en|5

Yug: irin|5

Kottish: herajan| 'feeding, food', herai, harai 'bread, food'; Ass. (Бол.) raj 'food', (М, Сл, Срсл) rajali/, grajali/ 'eat'

Comments: ССЕ 194. Werner 1, 360 <*il|-> (without comparing the Kott. form). Note that this example allows to update the rule formulated in КС 148: *r yields Yug -r- not only in the vicinity of *u, but also in the vicinity of *i.

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Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *al/ha

Meaning: 1 grazing, pasture 2 to feed, graze

Gipuzkoan: ala 1

High Navarrese: ala 1, ala-tu 2

Low Navarrese: alha 1, alha-tu 2

Lapurdian: alha 1, alha-tu 2

Zuberoan: alha 1, alha-tu 2

Roncalese: ala 1, ala-tu 2

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Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lV

Meaning: to eat, food

Proto-Austroasiatic: lV

Austroasiatic meaning: eat, food

Proto-Thai: bla.B raw food

------------------------------------

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: lV

Meaning: eat, food

Thai: bla.B raw food

Khmer: bhla:

Proto-Khmu: *la

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Khmer etymology :

Khmer: bhla:

Old Khmer: wla:

Old Khmer Meaning: k.o. salad

References: P468